(C/C++) Interview in English
Q: What is a class?
A: A class is an expanded concept of a data structure: instead of holding only data, it can hold both data and functions.
Q: What are the differences between a C++ struct and C++ class?
A: The default member and base class access specifies are different. This is one of the commonly misunderstood aspects of C++. Believe it or not, many programmers think that a C++
struct is just like a C struct, while a C++ class has inheritance, access specifes, member functions, overloaded operators, and so on. Actually, the C++ struct has all the features of the
class. The only differences are that a struct defaults to public member access and public base class inheritance, and a class defaults to the private access specified and private base-class
inheritance.
Q: How do you know that your class needs a virtual destructor?
A: If your class has at least one virtual function, you should make a destructor for this class virtual. This will allow you to delete a dynamic object through a caller to a base class object. If the destructor is non-virtual, then wrong destructor will be invoked during deletion of the dynamic object.
Q: What is encapsulation?
A: Containing and hiding Information about an object, such as internal data structures and code. Encapsulation isolates the internal complexity of an object's operation from the rest of the application. For example, a client component asking for net revenue from a business object need not know the data's origin.
Q: What is "this" pointer?
A: The this pointer is a pointer accessible only within the member functions of a class, struct, or union type. It points to the object for which the member function is called. Static member functions do not have a this pointer. When a nonstatic member function is called for an object, the address of the object is passed as a hidden argument to the function. For example, the following function call
myDate.setMonth( 3 );
can be interpreted this way:
setMonth( &myDate, 3 );
The object's address is available from within the member function as the this pointer. It is legal, though unnecessary, to use the this pointer when referring to members of the class.
Q: What happens when you make call "delete this;"?
A: The code has two built-in pitfalls. First, if it executes in a member function for an extern, static, or automatic object, the program will probably crash as soon as the delete statement executes. There is no portable way for an object to tell that it was instantiated on the heap, so the class cannot assert that its object is properly instantiated. Second, when an object commits suicide this way, the using program might not know about its demise. As far as the instantiating program is concerned, the object remains in scope and continues to exist even though the object did itself in. Subsequent dereferencing of the pointer can and usually does lead to disaster. You should never do this. Since compiler does not know whether the object was allocated on the stack or on the heap, "delete this" could cause a disaster.
Q: What is assignment operator?
A: Default assignment operator handles assigning one object to another of the same class. Member to member copy (shallow copy)
Q: What are all the implicit member functions of the class? Or what are all the functions which compiler implements for us if we don't define one?
A:
(a) default ctor
(b) copy ctor
(c) assignment operator
(d) default destructor
(e) address operator
Q: What is a container class? What are the types of container classes?
A: A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A container class acts as a generic holder. A container class has a predefined behavior and a wellknown
interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a container class contains a group of mixed objects, the container is called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container.
Q: What is Overriding?
A: To override a method, a subclass of the class that originally declared the method must declare a method with the same name, return type (or a subclass of that return type), and same parameter
list. The definition of the method overriding is:
· Must have same method name.
· Must have same data type.
· Must have same argument list.
Overriding a method means that replacing a method functionality in child class. To imply overriding functionality we need parent and child classes. In the child class you define the same method signature as one defined in the parent class.
Q: How do you access the static member of a class?
A: ::
Q: What is a nested class? Why can it be useful?
A: A nested class is a class enclosed within the scope of another class. For example:
// Example 1: Nested class
//
class OuterClass
{
class NestedClass
{
// ...
};
// ...
};
Nested classes are useful for organizing code and controlling access and dependencies. Nested classes obey access rules just like other parts of a class do; so, in Example 1, if NestedClass is
public then any code can name it as OuterClass::NestedClass. Often nested classes contain private implementation details, and are therefore made private; in Example 1, if NestedClass
is private, then only OuterClass's members and friends can use NestedClass. When you instantiate as outer class, it won't instantiate inside class.
Q: What is a local class? Why can it be useful?
A: Local class is a class defined within the scope of a function _ any function, whether a
member function or a free function. For example:
// Example 2: Local class
//
int f()
{
class LocalClass
{
// ...
};
// ...
};
Like nested classes, local
classes can be a useful tool for managing code dependencies.
Q: What a derived class can add?
A: New data members
New member functions
New constructors and destructor
New friends
Q: What happens when a derived-class object is created and destroyed?
A: Space is allocated (on the stack or the heap) for the full object (that is, enough space to store the data members inherited from the base class plus the data members defined in the derived
class itself) The base class's constructor is called to initialize the data members inherited from the base class The derived class's constructor is then called to initialize the data members added in the derived
class The derived-class object is then usable When the object is destroyed (goes out of scope or is deleted) the derived class's destructor is called on the object first Then the base class's destructor is called on the object Finally the allocated space for the full object is reclaimed
Q: How do I create a subscript operator for a Matrix class?
A: Use operator() rather than operator[].
When you have multiple subscripts, the cleanest way to do it is with operator() rather than with operator[]. The reason is that operator[] always takes exactly one parameter, but operator() can take any number of parameters (in the case of a rectangular matrix, two parameters are needed).
For example:
class Matrix {
public:
Matrix(unsigned rows, unsigned cols);
double& operator() (unsigned row, unsigned col); subscript operators often come in pairs
double operator() (unsigned row, unsigned col) const; subscript operators often come in pairs
...
~Matrix(); // Destructor
Matrix(const Matrix& m); // Copy constructor
Matrix& operator= (const Matrix& m); // Assignment operator
...
private:
unsigned rows_, cols_;
double* data_;
};
inline
Matrix::Matrix(unsigned rows, unsigned cols)
: rows_ (rows)
, cols_ (cols)
//data_ <--initialized below (after the 'if/throw' statement)
{
if (rows == 0 || cols == 0)
throw BadIndex("Matrix constructor has 0 size");
data_ = new double[rows * cols];
}
inline
Matrix::~Matrix()
{
delete[] data_;
}
inline
double& Matrix::operator() (unsigned row, unsigned col)
{
if (row >= rows_ || col >= cols_)
throw BadIndex("Matrix subscript out of bounds");
return data_[cols_*row + col];
}
inline
double Matrix::operator() (unsigned row, unsigned col) const
{
if (row >= rows_ || col >= cols_)
throw BadIndex("const Matrix subscript out of bounds");
return data_[cols_*row + col];
}
Then you can access an element of Matrix m using m(i,j) rather than m[i][j]:
int main()
{
Matrix m(10,10);
m(5,8) = 106.15;
std::cout << m(5,8);
...
}