Hadoop RPC通讯Client客户端的流程分析

Hadoop RPC通信Client客户端的流程分析

            Hadoop的RPC的通信与其他系统的RPC通信不太一样,作者针对Hadoop的使用特点,专门的设计了一套RPC框架,这套框架个人感觉还是有点小复杂的。所以我打算分成Client客户端和Server服务端2个模块做分析。如果你对RPC的整套流程已经非常了解的前提下,对于Hadoop的RPC,你也一定可以非常迅速的了解的。OK,下面切入正题。

            Hadoop的RPC的相关代码都在org.apache.hadoop.ipc的包下,首先RPC的通信必须遵守许多的协议,其中最最基本的协议即使如下;

/**
 * Superclass of all protocols that use Hadoop RPC.
 * Subclasses of this interface are also supposed to have
 * a static final long versionID field.
 * Hadoop RPC所有协议的基类,返回协议版本号
 */
public interface VersionedProtocol {
  
  /**
   * Return protocol version corresponding to protocol interface.
   * @param protocol The classname of the protocol interface
   * @param clientVersion The version of the protocol that the client speaks
   * @return the version that the server will speak
   */
  public long getProtocolVersion(String protocol, 
                                 long clientVersion) throws IOException;
}

他是所有协议的基类,他的下面还有一堆的子类,分别对应于不同情况之间的通信,下面是一张父子类图:

Hadoop RPC通讯Client客户端的流程分析          

 顾名思义,只有客户端和服务端遵循相同的版本号,才能进行通信。

           RPC客户端的所有相关操作都被封装在了一个叫Client.java的文件中:

/** A client for an IPC service.  IPC calls take a single {@link Writable} as a
 * parameter, and return a {@link Writable} as their value.  A service runs on
 * a port and is defined by a parameter class and a value class.
 * RPC客户端类
 * @see Server
 */
public class Client {
  
  public static final Log LOG =
    LogFactory.getLog(Client.class);
  //客户端到服务端的连接
  private Hashtable<ConnectionId, Connection> connections =
    new Hashtable<ConnectionId, Connection>();

  //回调值类
  private Class<? extends Writable> valueClass;   // class of call values
  //call回调id的计数器
  private int counter;                            // counter for call ids
  //原子变量判断客户端是否还在运行
  private AtomicBoolean running = new AtomicBoolean(true); // if client runs
  final private Configuration conf;

  //socket工厂,用来创建socket
  private SocketFactory socketFactory;           // how to create sockets
  private int refCount = 1;
  ......
从代码中明显的看到,这里存在着一个类似于connections连接池的东西,其实这暗示着连接是可以被复用的,在hashtable中,与每个Connecttion连接的对应的是一个ConnectionId,显然这里不是一个Long类似的数值:

/**
    * This class holds the address and the user ticket. The client connections
    * to servers are uniquely identified by <remoteAddress, protocol, ticket>
    * 连接的唯一标识,主要通过<远程地址,协议类型,用户组信息>
    */
   static class ConnectionId {
	 //远程的socket地址
     InetSocketAddress address;
     //用户组信息
     UserGroupInformation ticket;
     //协议类型
     Class<?> protocol;
     private static final int PRIME = 16777619;
     private int rpcTimeout;
     private String serverPrincipal;
     private int maxIdleTime; //connections will be culled if it was idle for 
     //maxIdleTime msecs
     private int maxRetries; //the max. no. of retries for socket connections
     private boolean tcpNoDelay; // if T then disable Nagle's Algorithm
     private int pingInterval; // how often sends ping to the server in msecs
     ....
这里用了3个属性组成唯一的标识属性,为了保证可以进行ID的复用,所以作者对ConnectionId的equal比较方法和hashCode 进行了重写:

/**
      * 作者重写了equal比较方法,只要成员变量都想等也就想到了
      */
     @Override
     public boolean equals(Object obj) {
       if (obj == this) {
         return true;
       }
       if (obj instanceof ConnectionId) {
         ConnectionId that = (ConnectionId) obj;
         return isEqual(this.address, that.address)
             && this.maxIdleTime == that.maxIdleTime
             && this.maxRetries == that.maxRetries
             && this.pingInterval == that.pingInterval
             && isEqual(this.protocol, that.protocol)
             && this.rpcTimeout == that.rpcTimeout
             && isEqual(this.serverPrincipal, that.serverPrincipal)
             && this.tcpNoDelay == that.tcpNoDelay
             && isEqual(this.ticket, that.ticket);
       }
       return false;
     }
     
     /**
      * 重写了hashCode的生成规则,保证不同的对象产生不同的hashCode值
      */
     @Override
     public int hashCode() {
       int result = 1;
       result = PRIME * result + ((address == null) ? 0 : address.hashCode());
       result = PRIME * result + maxIdleTime;
       result = PRIME * result + maxRetries;
       result = PRIME * result + pingInterval;
       result = PRIME * result + ((protocol == null) ? 0 : protocol.hashCode());
       result = PRIME * rpcTimeout;
       result = PRIME * result
           + ((serverPrincipal == null) ? 0 : serverPrincipal.hashCode());
       result = PRIME * result + (tcpNoDelay ? 1231 : 1237);
       result = PRIME * result + ((ticket == null) ? 0 : ticket.hashCode());
       return result;
     }
这样就能保证对应同类型的连接就能够完全复用了,而不是仅仅凭借引用的关系判断对象是否相等,这里就是一个不错的设计了

            与连接Id对应的就是Connection了,它里面维护是一下的一些变量;

  /** Thread that reads responses and notifies callers.  Each connection owns a
   * socket connected to a remote address.  Calls are multiplexed through this
   * socket: responses may be delivered out of order. */
  private class Connection extends Thread {
	//所连接的服务器地址
    private InetSocketAddress server;             // server ip:port
    //服务端的krb5的名字,与安全方面相关
    private String serverPrincipal;  // server's krb5 principal name
    //连接头部,内部包含了,所用的协议,客户端用户组信息以及验证的而方法
    private ConnectionHeader header;              // connection header
    //远程连接ID 
    private final ConnectionId remoteId;                // connection id
    //连接验证方法
    private AuthMethod authMethod; // authentication method
    //下面3个变量都是安全方面的
    private boolean useSasl;
    private Token<? extends TokenIdentifier> token;
    private SaslRpcClient saslRpcClient;
    
    //下面是一组socket通信方面的变量
    private Socket socket = null;                 // connected socket
    private DataInputStream in;
    private DataOutputStream out;
    private int rpcTimeout;
    private int maxIdleTime; //connections will be culled if it was idle for
         //maxIdleTime msecs
    private int maxRetries; //the max. no. of retries for socket connections
    //tcpNoDelay可设置是否阻塞模式
    private boolean tcpNoDelay; // if T then disable Nagle's Algorithm
    private int pingInterval; // how often sends ping to the server in msecs
    
    // currently active calls 当前活跃的回调,一个连接 可能会有很多个call回调
    private Hashtable<Integer, Call> calls = new Hashtable<Integer, Call>();
    //最后一次IO活动通信的时间
    private AtomicLong lastActivity = new AtomicLong();// last I/O activity time
    //连接关闭标记
    private AtomicBoolean shouldCloseConnection = new AtomicBoolean();  // indicate if the connection is closed
    private IOException closeException; // close reason
    .....
里面维护了大量的和连接通信相关的变量,在这里有一个很有意思的东西connectionHeader,连接头部,里面的数据时为了在通信最开始的时候被使用:

class ConnectionHeader implements Writable {
  public static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(ConnectionHeader.class);
  
  //客户端和服务端通信的协议名称
  private String protocol;
  //客户端的用户组信息
  private UserGroupInformation ugi = null;
  //验证的方式,关系到写入数据的时的格式
  private AuthMethod authMethod;
  .....
起到标识验证的作用。一个Client类的基本结构我们基本可以描绘出来了,下面是完整的类关系图:

Hadoop RPC通讯Client客户端的流程分析

在上面这幅图中,你肯定会发现我少了一个很关键的类了,就是Call回调类。Call回调在很多异步通信中是经常出现的。因为在通信过程中,当一个对象通过网络发送请求给另外一个对象的时候,如果采用同步的方式,会一直阻塞在那里,会带来非常不好的效率和体验的,所以很多时候,我们采用的是一种叫回调接口的方式。在这期间,用户可以继续做自己的事情。所以同样的Call这个概念当然也是适用在Hadoop RPC中。在Hadoop的RPC的核心调用原理, 简单的说,就是我把parame参数序列化到一个对象中,通过参数的形式把对象传入,进行RPC通信,最后服务端把处理好的结果值放入call对象,在返回给客户端,也就是说客户端和服务端都是通过Call对象进行操作,Call里面存着,请求的参数,和处理后的结构值2个变量。通过Call对象的封装,客户单实现了完美的无须知道细节的调用。下面是Call类的类按时

  /** A call waiting for a value. */
  //客户端的一个回调
  private class Call {
	//回调ID
    int id;                                       // call id
    //被序列化的参数
    Writable param;                               // parameter
    //返回值
    Writable value;                               // value, null if error
    //出错时返回的异常
    IOException error;                            // exception, null if value
    //回调是否已经被完成
    boolean done;                                 // true when call is done
    ....
看到这个Call回调类,也许你慢慢的会明白Hadoop RPC的一个基本原型了,这些Call当然是存在于某个连接中的,一个连接可能会发生多个回调,所以在Connection中维护了calls列表:
  private class Connection extends Thread {
    ....
    // currently active calls 当前活跃的回调,一个连接 可能会有很多个call回调
    private Hashtable<Integer, Call> calls = new Hashtable<Integer, Call>();
作者在设计Call类的时候,比较聪明的考虑一种并发情况下的Call调用,所以为此设计了下面这个Call的子类,就是专门用于短时间内的瞬间Call调用:

  /** Call implementation used for parallel calls. */
  /** 继承自Call回调类,可以并行的使用,通过加了index下标做Call的区分 */
  private class ParallelCall extends Call {
	//每个ParallelCall并行的回调就会有对应的结果类
    private ParallelResults results;
    //index作为Call的区分
    private int index;
    ....
如果要查找值,就通过里面的ParallelCall查找,原理是根据index索引:

  /** Result collector for parallel calls. */
  private static class ParallelResults {
	//并行结果类中拥有一组返回值,需要ParallelCall的index索引匹配
    private Writable[] values;
    //结果值的数量
    private int size;
    //values中已知的值的个数
    private int count;

    .....

    /** Collect a result. */
    public synchronized void callComplete(ParallelCall call) {
      //将call中的值赋给result中
      values[call.index] = call.value;            // store the value
      count++;                                    // count it
      //如果计数的值等到最终大小,通知caller
      if (count == size)                          // if all values are in
        notify();                                 // then notify waiting caller
    }
  }
因为Call结构集是这些并发Call共有的,所以用的是static变量,都存在在了values数组中了,只有所有的并发Call都把值取出来了,才算回调成功,这个是个非常细小的辅助设计,这个在有些书籍上并没有多少提及。下面我们看看一般Call回调的流程,正如刚刚说的,最终客户端看到的形式就是,传入参数,获得结果,忽略内部一切逻辑,这是怎么做到的呢,答案在下面:

在执行之前,你会先得到ConnectionId:

public Writable call(Writable param, InetSocketAddress addr, 
                       Class<?> protocol, UserGroupInformation ticket,
                       int rpcTimeout)
                       throws InterruptedException, IOException {
    ConnectionId remoteId = ConnectionId.getConnectionId(addr, protocol,
        ticket, rpcTimeout, conf);
    return call(param, remoteId);
  }
接着才是主流程:

public Writable call(Writable param, ConnectionId remoteId)  
                       throws InterruptedException, IOException {
	//根据参数构造一个Call回调
    Call call = new Call(param);
    //根据远程ID获取连接
    Connection connection = getConnection(remoteId, call);
    //发送参数
    connection.sendParam(call);                 // send the parameter
    boolean interrupted = false;
    synchronized (call) {
      //如果call.done为false,就是Call还没完成
      while (!call.done) {
        try {
          //等待远端程序的执行完毕
          call.wait();                           // wait for the result
        } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
          // save the fact that we were interrupted
          interrupted = true;
        }
      }

      //如果是异常中断,则终止当前线程
      if (interrupted) {
        // set the interrupt flag now that we are done waiting
        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
      }

      //如果call回到出错,则返回call出错信息
      if (call.error != null) {
        if (call.error instanceof RemoteException) {
          call.error.fillInStackTrace();
          throw call.error;
        } else { // local exception
          // use the connection because it will reflect an ip change, unlike
          // the remoteId
          throw wrapException(connection.getRemoteAddress(), call.error);
        }
      } else {
    	//如果是正常情况下,返回回调处理后的值
        return call.value;
      }
    }
  }
在这上面的操作步骤中,重点关注2个函数,获取连接操作,看看人家是如何保证连接的复用性的:

private Connection getConnection(ConnectionId remoteId,
                                   Call call)
                                   throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    .....
    /* we could avoid this allocation for each RPC by having a  
     * connectionsId object and with set() method. We need to manage the
     * refs for keys in HashMap properly. For now its ok.
     */
    do {
      synchronized (connections) {
    	//从connection连接池中获取连接,可以保证相同的连接ID可以复用
        connection = connections.get(remoteId);
        if (connection == null) {
          connection = new Connection(remoteId);
          connections.put(remoteId, connection);
        }
      }
    } while (!connection.addCall(call));
有点单例模式的味道哦,还有一个方法叫sendParam发送参数方法:

    public void sendParam(Call call) {
      if (shouldCloseConnection.get()) {
        return;
      }

      DataOutputBuffer d=null;
      try {
        synchronized (this.out) {
          if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
            LOG.debug(getName() + " sending #" + call.id);
          
          //for serializing the
          //data to be written
          //将call回调中的参数写入到输出流中,传向服务端
          d = new DataOutputBuffer();
          d.writeInt(call.id);
          call.param.write(d);
          byte[] data = d.getData();
          int dataLength = d.getLength();
          out.writeInt(dataLength);      //first put the data length
          out.write(data, 0, dataLength);//write the data
          out.flush();
        }
        ....
代码只发送了Call的id,和请求参数,并没有把所有的Call的内容都扔出去了,一定是为了减少数据量的传输,这里还把数据的长度写入了,这是为了方便服务端准确的读取到不定长的数据。这服务端中间的处理操作不是今天讨论的重点。Call的执行过程就是这样。那么Call是如何被调用的呢,这又要重新回到了Client客户端上去了,Client有一个run()函数,所有的操作都是始于此的;

    public void run() {
      if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
        LOG.debug(getName() + ": starting, having connections " 
            + connections.size());

      //等待工作,等待请求调用
      while (waitForWork()) {//wait here for work - read or close connection
    	//调用完请求,则立即获取回复
        receiveResponse();
      }
      
      close();
      
      if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
        LOG.debug(getName() + ": stopped, remaining connections "
            + connections.size());
    }
操作很简单,程序一直跑着,有请求,处理请求,获取请求,没有请求,就死等

private synchronized boolean waitForWork() {
      if (calls.isEmpty() && !shouldCloseConnection.get()  && running.get())  {
        long timeout = maxIdleTime-
              (System.currentTimeMillis()-lastActivity.get());
        if (timeout>0) {
          try {
            wait(timeout);
          } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
        }
      }
      ....
获取回复的操作如下:

/* Receive a response.
     * Because only one receiver, so no synchronization on in.
     * 获取回复值
     */
    private void receiveResponse() {
      if (shouldCloseConnection.get()) {
        return;
      }
      //更新最近一次的call活动时间
      touch();
      
      try {
        int id = in.readInt();                    // try to read an id

        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled())
          LOG.debug(getName() + " got value #" + id);

        //从获取call中取得相应的call
        Call call = calls.get(id);

        //判断该结果状态
        int state = in.readInt();     // read call status
        if (state == Status.SUCCESS.state) {
          Writable value = ReflectionUtils.newInstance(valueClass, conf);
          value.readFields(in);                 // read value
          call.setValue(value);
          calls.remove(id);
        } else if (state == Status.ERROR.state) {
          call.setException(new RemoteException(WritableUtils.readString(in),
                                                WritableUtils.readString(in)));
          calls.remove(id);
        } else if (state == Status.FATAL.state) {
          // Close the connection
          markClosed(new RemoteException(WritableUtils.readString(in), 
                                         WritableUtils.readString(in)));
        }
        .....
      } catch (IOException e) {
        markClosed(e);
      }
    }
从之前维护的Call列表中取出,做判断。Client本身的执行流程比较的简单:

Hadoop RPC通讯Client客户端的流程分析


Hadoop RPC客户端的通信模块的部分大致就是我上面的这个流程,中间其实还忽略了很多的细节,大家学习的时候,针对源码会有助于更好的理解,Hadoop RPC的服务端的实现更加复杂,所以建议采用分模块的学习或许会更好一点。