DBA不可不知的操作系统内核参数
背景
操作系统为了适应更多的硬件环境，许多初始的设置值，宽容度都很高。
如果不经调整，这些值可能无法适应HPC，或者硬件稍好些的环境。
无法发挥更好的硬件性能，甚至可能影响某些应用软件的使用，特别是数据库。
数据库关心的OS内核参数
512GB 内存为例
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参数
fs.aio-max-nr支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
aio-nr & aio-max-nr: . aio-nr is the running total of the number of events specified on the io_setup system call for all currently active aio contexts. . If aio-nr reaches aio-max-nr then io_setup will fail with EAGAIN. . Note that raising aio-max-nr does not result in the pre-allocation or re-sizing of any kernel data structures. . aio-nr & aio-max-nr: . aio-nr shows the current system-wide number of asynchronous io requests. . aio-max-nr allows you to change the maximum value aio-nr can grow to.推荐设置
fs.aio-max-nr = 1xxxxxx . PostgreSQL, Greenplum 均未使用io_setup创建aio contexts. 无需设置。 如果Oracle数据库，要使用aio的话，需要设置它。 设置它也没什么坏处，如果将来需要适应异步IO，可以不需要重新修改这个设置。 -
参数
fs.file-max支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
file-max & file-nr: . The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file handles that the Linux kernel will allocate. . When you get lots of error messages about running out of file handles, you might want to increase this limit. . Historically, the kernel was able to allocate file handles dynamically, but not to free them again. . The three values in file-nr denote : the number of allocated file handles , the number of allocated but unused file handles , the maximum number of file handles. . Linux 2.6 always reports 0 as the number of free file handles -- this is not an error, it just means that the number of allocated file handles exactly matches the number of used file handles. . Attempts to allocate more file descriptors than file-max are reported with printk, look for "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached".推荐设置
fs.file-max = 7xxxxxxx . PostgreSQL 有一套自己管理的VFS，真正打开的FD与内核管理的文件打开关闭有一套映射的机制，所以真实情况不需要使用那么多的file handlers。 max_files_per_process 参数 . 假设一个PG实例需要打开10万个文件，一台机器跑500个PG实例，则需要5000万个file handler。 -
参数
kernel.core_pattern支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
core_pattern: . core_pattern is used to specify a core dumpfile pattern name. . max length 128 characters; default value is "core" . core_pattern is used as a pattern template for the output filename; certain string patterns (beginning with '%') are substituted with their actual values. . backward compatibility with core_uses_pid: If core_pattern does not include "%p" (default does not) and core_uses_pid is set, then .PID will be appended to the filename. . corename format specifiers: %<NUL> '%' is dropped %% output one '%' %p pid %P global pid (init PID namespace) %i tid %I global tid (init PID namespace) %u uid %g gid %d dump mode, matches PR_SET_DUMPABLE and /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable %s signal number %t UNIX time of dump %h hostname %e executable filename (may be shortened) %E executable path %<OTHER> both are dropped . If the first character of the pattern is a '|', the kernel will treat the rest of the pattern as a command to run. The core dump will be written to the standard input of that program instead of to a file.推荐设置
kernel.core_pattern = /xxx/core_%e_%u_%t_%s.%p . 这个目录要777的权限，如果它是个软链，则真实目录需要777的权限 mkdir /xxx chmod 777 /xxx 留足够的空间 -
参数
kernel.sem支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000 . 4096 每组多少信号量 (>=17, PostgreSQL 每16个进程一组, 每组需要17个信号量) , 2147483647 总共多少信号量 (2^31-1 , 且大于4096*512000 ) , 2147483646 每个semop()调用支持多少操作 (2^31-1), 512000 多少组信号量 (假设每GB支持100个连接, 512GB支持51200个连接, 加上其他进程, > 51200*2/16 绰绰有余) . # sysctl -w kernel.sem="4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000" . # ipcs -s -l ------ Semaphore Limits -------- max number of arrays = 512000 max semaphores per array = 4096 max semaphores system wide = 2147483647 max ops per semop call = 2147483646 semaphore max value = 32767推荐设置
kernel.sem = 4096 2147483647 2147483646 512000 . 4096可能能够适合更多的场景, 所以大点无妨，关键是512000 arrays也够了。 -
参数
kernel.shmall = 107374182 kernel.shmmax = 274877906944 kernel.shmmni = 819200支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
假设主机内存 512GB . shmmax 单个共享内存段最大 256GB (主机内存的一半，单位字节) shmall 所有共享内存段加起来最大 (主机内存的80%，单位PAGE) shmmni 一共允许创建819200个共享内存段 (每个数据库启动需要2个共享内存段。 将来允许动态创建共享内存段，可能需求量更大) . # getconf PAGE_SIZE 4096推荐设置
kernel.shmall = 107374182 kernel.shmmax = 274877906944 kernel.shmmni = 819200 . 9.2以及以前的版本，数据库启动时，对共享内存段的内存需求非常大，需要考虑以下几点 Connections: (1800 + 270 * max_locks_per_transaction) * max_connections Autovacuum workers: (1800 + 270 * max_locks_per_transaction) * autovacuum_max_workers Prepared transactions: (770 + 270 * max_locks_per_transaction) * max_prepared_transactions Shared disk buffers: (block_size + 208) * shared_buffers WAL buffers: (wal_block_size + 8) * wal_buffers Fixed space requirements: 770 kB . 以上建议参数根据9.2以前的版本设置，后期的版本同样适用。 -
参数
net.core.netdev_max_backlog支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
netdev_max_backlog ------------------ Maximum number of packets, queued on the INPUT side, when the interface receives packets faster than kernel can process them.推荐设置
net.core.netdev_max_backlog=1xxxx . INPUT链表越长，处理耗费越大，如果用了iptables管理的话，需要加大这个值。 -
参数
net.core.rmem_default net.core.rmem_max net.core.wmem_default net.core.wmem_max支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
rmem_default ------------ The default setting of the socket receive buffer in bytes. . rmem_max -------- The maximum receive socket buffer size in bytes. . wmem_default ------------ The default setting (in bytes) of the socket send buffer. . wmem_max -------- The maximum send socket buffer size in bytes.推荐设置
net.core.rmem_default = 262144 net.core.rmem_max = 4194304 net.core.wmem_default = 262144 net.core.wmem_max = 4194304 -
参数
net.core.somaxconn支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
somaxconn - INTEGER Limit of socket listen() backlog, known in userspace as SOMAXCONN. Defaults to 128. See also tcp_max_syn_backlog for additional tuning for TCP sockets.推荐设置
net.core.somaxconn=4xxx -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_max_syn_backlog - INTEGER Maximal number of remembered connection requests, which have not received an acknowledgment from connecting client. The minimal value is 128 for low memory machines, and it will increase in proportion to the memory of machine. If server suffers from overload, try increasing this number.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=4xxx -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=20 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=3 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=60支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_keepalive_time - INTEGER How often TCP sends out keepalive messages when keepalive is enabled. Default: 2hours. . tcp_keepalive_probes - INTEGER How many keepalive probes TCP sends out, until it decides that the connection is broken. Default value: 9. . tcp_keepalive_intvl - INTEGER How frequently the probes are send out. Multiplied by tcp_keepalive_probes it is time to kill not responding connection, after probes started. Default value: 75sec i.e. connection will be aborted after ~11 minutes of retries.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=20 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=3 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=60 . 连接空闲60秒后, 每隔20秒发心跳包, 尝试3次心跳包没有响应，关闭连接。 从开始空闲，到关闭连接总共历时120秒。 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_mem=8388608 12582912 16777216支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_mem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, pressure, max 单位 page min: below this number of pages TCP is not bothered about its memory appetite. . pressure: when amount of memory allocated by TCP exceeds this number of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption and enters memory pressure mode, which is exited when memory consumption falls under "min". . max: number of pages allowed for queueing by all TCP sockets. . Defaults are calculated at boot time from amount of available memory. 64GB 内存，自动计算的值是这样的 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 1539615 2052821 3079230 . 512GB 内存，自动计算得到的值是这样的 net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 49621632 66162176 99243264 . 这个参数让操作系统启动时自动计算，问题也不大推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_mem=8388608 12582912 16777216 . 这个参数让操作系统启动时自动计算，问题也不大 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_fin_timeout - INTEGER The length of time an orphaned (no longer referenced by any application) connection will remain in the FIN_WAIT_2 state before it is aborted at the local end. While a perfectly valid "receive only" state for an un-orphaned connection, an orphaned connection in FIN_WAIT_2 state could otherwise wait forever for the remote to close its end of the connection. Cf. tcp_max_orphans Default: 60 seconds推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout=5 . 加快僵尸连接回收速度 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_synack_retries - INTEGER Number of times SYNACKs for a passive TCP connection attempt will be retransmitted. Should not be higher than 255. Default value is 5, which corresponds to 31seconds till the last retransmission with the current initial RTO of 1second. With this the final timeout for a passive TCP connection will happen after 63seconds.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries=2 . 缩短tcp syncack超时时间 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_syncookies - BOOLEAN Only valid when the kernel was compiled with CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket overflows. This is to prevent against the common 'SYN flood attack' Default: 1 . Note, that syncookies is fallback facility. It MUST NOT be used to help highly loaded servers to stand against legal connection rate. If you see SYN flood warnings in your logs, but investigation shows that they occur because of overload with legal connections, you should tune another parameters until this warning disappear. See: tcp_max_syn_backlog, tcp_synack_retries, tcp_abort_on_overflow. . syncookies seriously violate TCP protocol, do not allow to use TCP extensions, can result in serious degradation of some services (f.e. SMTP relaying), visible not by you, but your clients and relays, contacting you. While you see SYN flood warnings in logs not being really flooded, your server is seriously misconfigured. . If you want to test which effects syncookies have to your network connections you can set this knob to 2 to enable unconditionally generation of syncookies.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1 . 防止syn flood攻击 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_timestamps - BOOLEAN Enable timestamps as defined in RFC1323.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=1 . tcp_timestamps 是 tcp 协议中的一个扩展项，通过时间戳的方式来检测过来的包以防止 PAWS(Protect Against Wrapped Sequence numbers)，可以提高 tcp 的性能。 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_tw_recycle - BOOLEAN Enable fast recycling TIME-WAIT sockets. Default value is 0. It should not be changed without advice/request of technical experts. . tcp_tw_reuse - BOOLEAN Allow to reuse TIME-WAIT sockets for new connections when it is safe from protocol viewpoint. Default value is 0. It should not be changed without advice/request of technical experts. . tcp_max_tw_buckets - INTEGER Maximal number of timewait sockets held by system simultaneously. If this number is exceeded time-wait socket is immediately destroyed and warning is printed. This limit exists only to prevent simple DoS attacks, you _must_ not lower the limit artificially, but rather increase it (probably, after increasing installed memory), if network conditions require more than default value.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle=0 net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1 net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 2xxxxx . net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle和net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps不建议同时开启 -
参数
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem net.ipv4.tcp_wmem支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
tcp_wmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max min: Amount of memory reserved for send buffers for TCP sockets. Each TCP socket has rights to use it due to fact of its birth. Default: 1 page . default: initial size of send buffer used by TCP sockets. This value overrides net.core.wmem_default used by other protocols. It is usually lower than net.core.wmem_default. Default: 16K . max: Maximal amount of memory allowed for automatically tuned send buffers for TCP sockets. This value does not override net.core.wmem_max. Calling setsockopt() with SO_SNDBUF disables automatic tuning of that socket's send buffer size, in which case this value is ignored. Default: between 64K and 4MB, depending on RAM size. . tcp_rmem - vector of 3 INTEGERs: min, default, max min: Minimal size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets. It is guaranteed to each TCP socket, even under moderate memory pressure. Default: 1 page . default: initial size of receive buffer used by TCP sockets. This value overrides net.core.rmem_default used by other protocols. Default: 87380 bytes. This value results in window of 65535 with default setting of tcp_adv_win_scale and tcp_app_win:0 and a bit less for default tcp_app_win. See below about these variables. . max: maximal size of receive buffer allowed for automatically selected receiver buffers for TCP socket. This value does not override net.core.rmem_max. Calling setsockopt() with SO_RCVBUF disables automatic tuning of that socket's receive buffer size, in which case this value is ignored. Default: between 87380B and 6MB, depending on RAM size.推荐设置
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem=8192 87380 16777216 net.ipv4.tcp_wmem=8192 65536 16777216 . 许多数据库的推荐设置，提高网络性能 -
参数
net.nf_conntrack_max net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max支持系统
CentOS 6参数解释
nf_conntrack_max - INTEGER Size of connection tracking table. Default value is nf_conntrack_buckets value * 4.推荐设置
net.nf_conntrack_max=1xxxxxx net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=1xxxxxx -
参数
vm.dirty_background_bytes vm.dirty_expire_centisecs vm.dirty_ratio vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
============================================================== . dirty_background_bytes . Contains the amount of dirty memory at which the background kernel flusher threads will start writeback. . Note: dirty_background_bytes is the counterpart of dirty_background_ratio. Only one of them may be specified at a time. When one sysctl is written it is immediately taken into account to evaluate the dirty memory limits and the other appears as 0 when read. . ============================================================== . dirty_background_ratio . Contains, as a percentage of total system memory, the number of pages at which the background kernel flusher threads will start writing out dirty data. . ============================================================== . dirty_bytes . Contains the amount of dirty memory at which a process generating disk writes will itself start writeback. . Note: dirty_bytes is the counterpart of dirty_ratio. Only one of them may be specified at a time. When one sysctl is written it is immediately taken into account to evaluate the dirty memory limits and the other appears as 0 when read. . Note: the minimum value allowed for dirty_bytes is two pages (in bytes); any value lower than this limit will be ignored and the old configuration will be retained. . ============================================================== . dirty_expire_centisecs . This tunable is used to define when dirty data is old enough to be eligible for writeout by the kernel flusher threads. It is expressed in 100'ths of a second. Data which has been dirty in-memory for longer than this interval will be written out next time a flusher thread wakes up. . ============================================================== . dirty_ratio . Contains, as a percentage of total system memory, the number of pages at which a process which is generating disk writes will itself start writing out dirty data. . ============================================================== . dirty_writeback_centisecs . The kernel flusher threads will periodically wake up and write `old' data out to disk. This tunable expresses the interval between those wakeups, in 100'ths of a second. . Setting this to zero disables periodic writeback altogether. . ==============================================================推荐设置
vm.dirty_background_bytes = 4096000000 vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 6000 vm.dirty_ratio = 80 vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 50 . 减少数据库进程刷脏页的频率，dirty_background_bytes根据实际IOPS能力以及内存大小设置 -
参数
vm.extra_free_kbytes支持系统
CentOS 6参数解释
extra_free_kbytes . This parameter tells the VM to keep extra free memory between the threshold where background reclaim (kswapd) kicks in, and the threshold where direct reclaim (by allocating processes) kicks in. . This is useful for workloads that require low latency memory allocations and have a bounded burstiness in memory allocations, for example a realtime application that receives and transmits network traffic (causing in-kernel memory allocations) with a maximum total message burst size of 200MB may need 200MB of extra free memory to avoid direct reclaim related latencies. . 目标是尽量让后台进程回收内存，比用户进程提早多少kbytes回收，因此用户进程可以快速分配内存。推荐设置
vm.extra_free_kbytes=4xxxxxx -
参数
vm.min_free_kbytes支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
min_free_kbytes: . This is used to force the Linux VM to keep a minimum number of kilobytes free. The VM uses this number to compute a watermark[WMARK_MIN] value for each lowmem zone in the system. Each lowmem zone gets a number of reserved free pages based proportionally on its size. . Some minimal amount of memory is needed to satisfy PF_MEMALLOC allocations; if you set this to lower than 1024KB, your system will become subtly broken, and prone to deadlock under high loads. . Setting this too high will OOM your machine instantly.推荐设置
vm.min_free_kbytes = 2xxxxxx . 防止在高负载时系统无响应，减少内存分配死锁概率。 -
参数
vm.mmap_min_addr支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
mmap_min_addr . This file indicates the amount of address space which a user process will be restricted from mmapping. Since kernel null dereference bugs could accidentally operate based on the information in the first couple of pages of memory userspace processes should not be allowed to write to them. By default this value is set to 0 and no protections will be enforced by the security module. Setting this value to something like 64k will allow the vast majority of applications to work correctly and provide defense in depth against future potential kernel bugs.推荐设置
vm.mmap_min_addr=6xxxx . 防止内核隐藏的BUG导致的问题 -
参数
vm.overcommit_memory vm.overcommit_ratio支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
============================================================== . overcommit_kbytes: . When overcommit_memory is set to 2, the committed address space is not permitted to exceed swap plus this amount of physical RAM. See below. . Note: overcommit_kbytes is the counterpart of overcommit_ratio. Only one of them may be specified at a time. Setting one disables the other (which then appears as 0 when read). . ============================================================== . overcommit_memory: . This value contains a flag that enables memory overcommitment. . When this flag is 0, the kernel attempts to estimate the amount of free memory left when userspace requests more memory. . When this flag is 1, the kernel pretends there is always enough memory until it actually runs out. . When this flag is 2, the kernel uses a "never overcommit" policy that attempts to prevent any overcommit of memory. Note that user_reserve_kbytes affects this policy. . This feature can be very useful because there are a lot of programs that malloc() huge amounts of memory "just-in-case" and don't use much of it. . The default value is 0. . See Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting and security/commoncap.c::cap_vm_enough_memory() for more information. . ============================================================== . overcommit_ratio: . When overcommit_memory is set to 2, the committed address space is not permitted to exceed swap + this percentage of physical RAM. See above. . ==============================================================推荐设置
vm.overcommit_memory = 0 vm.overcommit_ratio = 90 . vm.overcommit_memory = 0 时 vm.overcommit_ratio可以不设置 -
参数
vm.swappiness支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
swappiness . This control is used to define how aggressive the kernel will swap memory pages. Higher values will increase agressiveness, lower values decrease the amount of swap. . The default value is 60.推荐设置
vm.swappiness = 0 -
参数
vm.zone_reclaim_mode支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
zone_reclaim_mode: . Zone_reclaim_mode allows someone to set more or less aggressive approaches to reclaim memory when a zone runs out of memory. If it is set to zero then no zone reclaim occurs. Allocations will be satisfied from other zones / nodes in the system. . This is value ORed together of . 1 = Zone reclaim on 2 = Zone reclaim writes dirty pages out 4 = Zone reclaim swaps pages . zone_reclaim_mode is disabled by default. For file servers or workloads that benefit from having their data cached, zone_reclaim_mode should be left disabled as the caching effect is likely to be more important than data locality. . zone_reclaim may be enabled if it's known that the workload is partitioned such that each partition fits within a NUMA node and that accessing remote memory would cause a measurable performance reduction. The page allocator will then reclaim easily reusable pages (those page cache pages that are currently not used) before allocating off node pages. . Allowing zone reclaim to write out pages stops processes that are writing large amounts of data from dirtying pages on other nodes. Zone reclaim will write out dirty pages if a zone fills up and so effectively throttle the process. This may decrease the performance of a single process since it cannot use all of system memory to buffer the outgoing writes anymore but it preserve the memory on other nodes so that the performance of other processes running on other nodes will not be affected. . Allowing regular swap effectively restricts allocations to the local node unless explicitly overridden by memory policies or cpuset configurations.推荐设置
vm.zone_reclaim_mode=0 . 不使用NUMA -
参数
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
ip_local_port_range - 2 INTEGERS Defines the local port range that is used by TCP and UDP to choose the local port. The first number is the first, the second the last local port number. The default values are 32768 and 61000 respectively. . ip_local_reserved_ports - list of comma separated ranges Specify the ports which are reserved for known third-party applications. These ports will not be used by automatic port assignments (e.g. when calling connect() or bind() with port number 0). Explicit port allocation behavior is unchanged. . The format used for both input and output is a comma separated list of ranges (e.g. "1,2-4,10-10" for ports 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10). Writing to the file will clear all previously reserved ports and update the current list with the one given in the input. . Note that ip_local_port_range and ip_local_reserved_ports settings are independent and both are considered by the kernel when determining which ports are available for automatic port assignments. . You can reserve ports which are not in the current ip_local_port_range, e.g.: . $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range 32000 61000 $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_reserved_ports 8080,9148 . although this is redundant. However such a setting is useful if later the port range is changed to a value that will include the reserved ports. . Default: Empty推荐设置
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range=40000 65535 . 限制本地动态端口分配范围，防止占用监听端口。 -
参数
vm.nr_hugepages支持系统
CentOS 6, 7参数解释
============================================================== nr_hugepages Change the minimum size of the hugepage pool. See Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt ============================================================== nr_overcommit_hugepages Change the maximum size of the hugepage pool. The maximum is nr_hugepages + nr_overcommit_hugepages. See Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt . The output of "cat /proc/meminfo" will include lines like: ...... HugePages_Total: vvv HugePages_Free: www HugePages_Rsvd: xxx HugePages_Surp: yyy Hugepagesize: zzz kB . where: HugePages_Total is the size of the pool of huge pages. HugePages_Free is the number of huge pages in the pool that are not yet allocated. HugePages_Rsvd is short for "reserved," and is the number of huge pages for which a commitment to allocate from the pool has been made, but no allocation has yet been made. Reserved huge pages guarantee that an application will be able to allocate a huge page from the pool of huge pages at fault time. HugePages_Surp is short for "surplus," and is the number of huge pages in the pool above the value in /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages. The maximum number of surplus huge pages is controlled by /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages. . /proc/filesystems should also show a filesystem of type "hugetlbfs" configured in the kernel. . /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages indicates the current number of "persistent" huge pages in the kernel's huge page pool. "Persistent" huge pages will be returned to the huge page pool when freed by a task. A user with root privileges can dynamically allocate more or free some persistent huge pages by increasing or decreasing the value of 'nr_hugepages'.推荐设置
如果要使用PostgreSQL的huge page，建议设置它。 大于数据库需要的共享内存即可。
数据库关心的资源限制
通过/etc/security/limits.conf设置，或者ulimit设置
通过/proc/$pid/limits查看当前进程的设置
# - core - limits the core file size (KB)
# - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB)
# - nofile - max number of open files
# - nproc - max number of processes
以上四个是非常关心的
.
# - data - max data size (KB)
# - fsize - maximum filesize (KB)
# - rss - max resident set size (KB)
# - stack - max stack size (KB)
# - cpu - max CPU time (MIN)
# - as - address space limit (KB)
# - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user
# - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system
# - priority - the priority to run user process with
# - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold
# - sigpending - max number of pending signals
# - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes)
# - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19]
# - rtprio - max realtime priority
数据库关心的IO调度规则
目前操作系统支持的IO调度策略包括cfq, deadline, noop 等。
/kernel-doc-xxx/Documentation/block
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 674 Apr 8 16:33 00-INDEX
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 55006 Apr 8 16:33 biodoc.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 618 Apr 8 16:33 capability.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 12791 Apr 8 16:33 cfq-iosched.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 13815 Apr 8 16:33 data-integrity.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2841 Apr 8 16:33 deadline-iosched.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4713 Apr 8 16:33 ioprio.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2535 Apr 8 16:33 null_blk.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4896 Apr 8 16:33 queue-sysfs.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 2075 Apr 8 16:33 request.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 3272 Apr 8 16:33 stat.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 1414 Apr 8 16:33 switching-sched.txt
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 3916 Apr 8 16:33 writeback_cache_control.txt
如果你要详细了解这些调度策略的规则，可以查看WIKI或者看内核文档。
从这里可以看到它的调度策略
cat /sys/block/vdb/queue/scheduler
noop [deadline] cfq
修改
echo deadline > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler
或者修改启动参数
grub.conf
elevator=deadline
从很多测试结果来看，数据库使用deadline调度，性能会更稳定一些。
其他
- 关闭透明大页
- 禁用NUMA
- SSD的对齐
https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/58751?utm_source=tuicool&utm_medium=referral