函数重载变得模糊
重载函数时：
void add(int a)
{
a=7;
cout<<"int";
}
void add(double a)
{
a=8.4;
cout<<"double";
}
void add(int *b)
{
*b=4;
cout<<"pointer";
}
int main()
{
char i='a'; //char
add(i);
return 0;
}
OUTPUT： int
这个工作很好，没有函数的数据类型char作为参数。
This worked fine inspite of no function with data type char as parameter.
但是编译时如下代码：
But when compiled below code:
void add(char a)
{
a='a';
cout<<"int";
}
void add(double a)
{
a=8.4;
cout<<"double";
}
void add(int *b)
{
*b=4;
cout<<"pointer";
}
int main()
{
int i=4; //int
add(i);
return 0;
}
Gave错误（编译器gcc）：
Gave error(compiler gcc):
cpp | 21 |错误：调用重载的'add（int&）'是不明确的
cpp|21|error: call of overloaded 'add(int&)' is ambiguous
$ b b
这背后的逻辑是什么？
What is the logic behind this? And how to track the control passing or output of such codes?
此示例归纳为Integer Promotion和Integer之间的区别转换。总之，促销是：
This example boils down to the difference between Integer Promotion and Integer Conversion. A promotion is, in short:
除bool，char16_t，char32_t或wchar_t之外的整数类型的整数，其整数转换
rank（4.13）小于int的等级可以转换为int类型的prvalue如果int可以表示所有
源类型的值;否则，源prvalue可以转换为unsigned int类型的prvalue。 [...]这些转化称为整体促销。
A prvalue of an integer type other than bool, char16_t, char32_t, or wchar_t whose integer conversion rank (4.13) is less than the rank of int can be converted to a prvalue of type int if int can represent all the values of the source type; otherwise, the source prvalue can be converted to a prvalue of type unsigned int. [...] These conversions are called integral promotions.
而整数转换更一般：
整数类型的prvalue可以转换为另一整数类型的prvalue。 [...]允许作为整型促销的转化被排除在整数转换集合之外。
A prvalue of an integer type can be converted to a prvalue of another integer type. [...] The conversions allowed as integral promotions are excluded from the set of integral conversions.
>更好的转换比为了重载分辨率的积分转换。
An integral promotion is a better conversion than an integral conversion for the purposes of overload resolution.
在第一个示例中，我们有：
In the first example, we have:
add(int ); // (1)
add(double ); // (2)
add(int* ); // (3)
并且正在使用 char 。只有前两个是可行的，都涉及到转换。 （1）涉及具有等级升级的整数升级。 （2）涉及浮动积分转换，其具有等级转换。推广是比转换更高的排名，因此（1）是明确偏好的。
and are calling with a char. Only the first two are viable, both involve a conversion. (1) involves an Integer Promotion, which has rank Promotion. (2) involves a Floating-Integral Conversion, which has rank Conversion. Promotion is a higher rank than Conversion, so (1) is unambiguously preferred.
现在，在第二个例子中，我们有：
Now, in the second example, we have:
add(char ); // (1)
add(double ); // (2)
add(int* ); // (3)
并且正在调用 int 。再次，只有前两个是可行的，并且都涉及转换。 （1）这次涉及积分转换（因为 char 的排名低于 int ），浮动积分转换，两者具有相同的排名：转换。由于我们有两个相同排名的转化，因此没有最佳转化，因此没有最佳可行候选人。因此，我们有一个模糊的解决方案。
and are calling with an int. Once again, only the first two are viable, and both involve a conversion. (1) this time involves an Integral Conversion (sincechar has lower rank than int) and (2) still involves a Floating-integral conversion, both of which have the same rank: Conversion. As we have two conversions of the same rank, there is no "best" conversion, so there is no best viable candidate. Thus, we have an ambiguous resolution.