如何播放MediaCodec编码器产生的原始h264?

关于MediaCodec(以及一般的视频编码/解码)，我有点陌生，所以如果我在这里说错了，请纠正我.

I'm a bit new when it comes to MediaCodec (and video encoding/decoding in general), so correct me if anything I say here is wrong.

我想用VLC/ffplay播放MediaCodec的原始h264输出.我需要播放此文件，因为我的最终目标是将一些实时视频流式传输到计算机，而MediaMuxer只在磁盘上生成文件，而不是我可以以非常低的延迟流式传输到桌面的文件. (我对其他解决方案持开放态度，但是我没有找到满足延迟要求的任何其他方法)

I want to play the raw h264 output of MediaCodec with VLC/ffplay. I need this to play becuase my end goal is to stream some live video to a computer, and MediaMuxer only produces a file on disk rather than something I can stream with (very) low latency to a desktop. (I'm open to other solutions, but I have not found anything else that fits the latency requirement)

以下是我正在使用的代码对视频进行编码并将其写入文件:(它基于找到的MediaCodec示例此处，仅删除MediaMuxer部件)

Here is the code I'm using encode the video and write it to a file: (it's based off the MediaCodec example found here, only with the MediaMuxer part removed)

package com.jackos2500.droidtop;

import android.media.MediaCodec;
import android.media.MediaCodecInfo;
import android.media.MediaFormat;
import android.opengl.EGL14;
import android.opengl.EGLConfig;
import android.opengl.EGLContext;
import android.opengl.EGLDisplay;
import android.opengl.EGLExt;
import android.opengl.EGLSurface;
import android.opengl.GLES20;
import android.os.Environment;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.Surface;

import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;

public class StreamH264 {
    private static final String TAG = "StreamH264";
    private static final boolean VERBOSE = true;           // lots of logging

    // where to put the output file (note: /sdcard requires WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission)
    private static final File OUTPUT_DIR = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();

    public static int MEGABIT = 1000 * 1000;
    private static final int IFRAME_INTERVAL = 10;

    private static final int TEST_R0 = 0;
    private static final int TEST_G0 = 136;
    private static final int TEST_B0 = 0;
    private static final int TEST_R1 = 236;
    private static final int TEST_G1 = 50;
    private static final int TEST_B1 = 186;

    private MediaCodec codec;
    private CodecInputSurface inputSurface;
    private BufferedOutputStream out;

    private MediaCodec.BufferInfo bufferInfo;
    public StreamH264() {

    }

    private void prepareEncoder() throws IOException {
        bufferInfo = new MediaCodec.BufferInfo();

        MediaFormat format = MediaFormat.createVideoFormat("video/avc", 1280, 720);
        format.setInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_BIT_RATE, 2 * MEGABIT);
        format.setInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_FRAME_RATE, 30);
        format.setInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_COLOR_FORMAT, MediaCodecInfo.CodecCapabilities.COLOR_FormatSurface);
        format.setInteger(MediaFormat.KEY_I_FRAME_INTERVAL, IFRAME_INTERVAL);

        codec = MediaCodec.createEncoderByType("video/avc");
        codec.configure(format, null, null, MediaCodec.CONFIGURE_FLAG_ENCODE);
        inputSurface = new CodecInputSurface(codec.createInputSurface());
        codec.start();

        File dst = new File(OUTPUT_DIR, "test.264");
        out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(dst));
    }
    private void releaseEncoder() throws IOException {
        if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "releasing encoder objects");
        if (codec != null) {
            codec.stop();
            codec.release();
            codec = null;
        }
        if (inputSurface != null) {
            inputSurface.release();
            inputSurface = null;
        }
        if (out != null) {
            out.flush();
            out.close();
            out = null;
        }
    }
    public void stream() throws IOException {
        try {
            prepareEncoder();
            inputSurface.makeCurrent();
            for (int i = 0; i < (30 * 5); i++) {
                // Feed any pending encoder output into the file.
                drainEncoder(false);

                // Generate a new frame of input.
                generateSurfaceFrame(i);
                inputSurface.setPresentationTime(computePresentationTimeNsec(i, 30));

                // Submit it to the encoder.  The eglSwapBuffers call will block if the input
                // is full, which would be bad if it stayed full until we dequeued an output
                // buffer (which we can't do, since we're stuck here).  So long as we fully drain
                // the encoder before supplying additional input, the system guarantees that we
                // can supply another frame without blocking.
                if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "sending frame " + i + " to encoder");
                inputSurface.swapBuffers();
            }
            // send end-of-stream to encoder, and drain remaining output
            drainEncoder(true);
        } finally {
            // release encoder, muxer, and input Surface
            releaseEncoder();
        }
    }

    private void drainEncoder(boolean endOfStream) throws IOException {
        final int TIMEOUT_USEC = 10000;
        if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "drainEncoder(" + endOfStream + ")");

        if (endOfStream) {
            if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "sending EOS to encoder");
            codec.signalEndOfInputStream();
        }
        ByteBuffer[] outputBuffers = codec.getOutputBuffers();
        while (true) {
            int encoderStatus = codec.dequeueOutputBuffer(bufferInfo, TIMEOUT_USEC);
            if (encoderStatus == MediaCodec.INFO_TRY_AGAIN_LATER) {
                // no output available yet
                if (!endOfStream) {
                    break;      // out of while
                } else {
                    if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "no output available, spinning to await EOS");
                }
            } else if (encoderStatus == MediaCodec.INFO_OUTPUT_BUFFERS_CHANGED) {
                // not expected for an encoder
                outputBuffers = codec.getOutputBuffers();
            } else if (encoderStatus == MediaCodec.INFO_OUTPUT_FORMAT_CHANGED) {
                // should happen before receiving buffers, and should only happen once
                MediaFormat newFormat = codec.getOutputFormat();
                Log.d(TAG, "encoder output format changed: " + newFormat);
            } else if (encoderStatus < 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "unexpected result from encoder.dequeueOutputBuffer: " + encoderStatus);
                // let's ignore it
            } else {
                ByteBuffer encodedData = outputBuffers[encoderStatus];
                if (encodedData == null) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("encoderOutputBuffer " + encoderStatus + " was null");
                }

                if ((bufferInfo.flags & MediaCodec.BUFFER_FLAG_CODEC_CONFIG) != 0) {
                    // The codec config data was pulled out and fed to the muxer when we got
                    // the INFO_OUTPUT_FORMAT_CHANGED status.  Ignore it.
                    if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "ignoring BUFFER_FLAG_CODEC_CONFIG");
                    bufferInfo.size = 0;
                }

                if (bufferInfo.size != 0) {
                    // adjust the ByteBuffer values to match BufferInfo (not needed?)
                    encodedData.position(bufferInfo.offset);
                    encodedData.limit(bufferInfo.offset + bufferInfo.size);

                    byte[] data = new byte[bufferInfo.size];
                    encodedData.get(data);
                    out.write(data);
                    if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "sent " + bufferInfo.size + " bytes to file");
                }

                codec.releaseOutputBuffer(encoderStatus, false);

                if ((bufferInfo.flags & MediaCodec.BUFFER_FLAG_END_OF_STREAM) != 0) {
                    if (!endOfStream) {
                        Log.w(TAG, "reached end of stream unexpectedly");
                    } else {
                        if (VERBOSE) Log.d(TAG, "end of stream reached");
                    }
                    break;      // out of while
                }
            }
        }
    }
    private void generateSurfaceFrame(int frameIndex) {
        frameIndex %= 8;

        int startX, startY;
        if (frameIndex < 4) {
            // (0,0) is bottom-left in GL
            startX = frameIndex * (1280 / 4);
            startY = 720 / 2;
        } else {
            startX = (7 - frameIndex) * (1280 / 4);
            startY = 0;
        }

        GLES20.glClearColor(TEST_R0 / 255.0f, TEST_G0 / 255.0f, TEST_B0 / 255.0f, 1.0f);
        GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

        GLES20.glEnable(GLES20.GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
        GLES20.glScissor(startX, startY, 1280 / 4, 720 / 2);
        GLES20.glClearColor(TEST_R1 / 255.0f, TEST_G1 / 255.0f, TEST_B1 / 255.0f, 1.0f);
        GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
        GLES20.glDisable(GLES20.GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
    }
    private static long computePresentationTimeNsec(int frameIndex, int frameRate) {
        final long ONE_BILLION = 1000000000;
        return frameIndex * ONE_BILLION / frameRate;
    }

    /**
     * Holds state associated with a Surface used for MediaCodec encoder input.
     * <p>
     * The constructor takes a Surface obtained from MediaCodec.createInputSurface(), and uses that
     * to create an EGL window surface.  Calls to eglSwapBuffers() cause a frame of data to be sent
     * to the video encoder.
     * <p>
     * This object owns the Surface -- releasing this will release the Surface too.
     */
    private static class CodecInputSurface {
        private static final int EGL_RECORDABLE_ANDROID = 0x3142;

        private EGLDisplay mEGLDisplay = EGL14.EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
        private EGLContext mEGLContext = EGL14.EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
        private EGLSurface mEGLSurface = EGL14.EGL_NO_SURFACE;

        private Surface mSurface;

        /**
         * Creates a CodecInputSurface from a Surface.
         */
        public CodecInputSurface(Surface surface) {
            if (surface == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            mSurface = surface;

            eglSetup();
        }

        /**
         * Prepares EGL.  We want a GLES 2.0 context and a surface that supports recording.
         */
        private void eglSetup() {
            mEGLDisplay = EGL14.eglGetDisplay(EGL14.EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);
            if (mEGLDisplay == EGL14.EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
                throw new RuntimeException("unable to get EGL14 display");
            }
            int[] version = new int[2];
            if (!EGL14.eglInitialize(mEGLDisplay, version, 0, version, 1)) {
                throw new RuntimeException("unable to initialize EGL14");
            }

            // Configure EGL for recording and OpenGL ES 2.0.
            int[] attribList = {
                    EGL14.EGL_RED_SIZE, 8,
                    EGL14.EGL_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
                    EGL14.EGL_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
                    EGL14.EGL_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
                    EGL14.EGL_RENDERABLE_TYPE, EGL14.EGL_OPENGL_ES2_BIT,
                    EGL_RECORDABLE_ANDROID, 1,
                    EGL14.EGL_NONE
            };
            EGLConfig[] configs = new EGLConfig[1];
            int[] numConfigs = new int[1];
            EGL14.eglChooseConfig(mEGLDisplay, attribList, 0, configs, 0, configs.length,
                    numConfigs, 0);
            checkEglError("eglCreateContext RGB888+recordable ES2");

            // Configure context for OpenGL ES 2.0.
            int[] attrib_list = {
                    EGL14.EGL_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION, 2,
                    EGL14.EGL_NONE
            };
            mEGLContext = EGL14.eglCreateContext(mEGLDisplay, configs[0], EGL14.EGL_NO_CONTEXT,
                    attrib_list, 0);
            checkEglError("eglCreateContext");

            // Create a window surface, and attach it to the Surface we received.
            int[] surfaceAttribs = {
                    EGL14.EGL_NONE
            };
            mEGLSurface = EGL14.eglCreateWindowSurface(mEGLDisplay, configs[0], mSurface,
                    surfaceAttribs, 0);
            checkEglError("eglCreateWindowSurface");
        }

        /**
         * Discards all resources held by this class, notably the EGL context.  Also releases the
         * Surface that was passed to our constructor.
         */
        public void release() {
            if (mEGLDisplay != EGL14.EGL_NO_DISPLAY) {
                EGL14.eglMakeCurrent(mEGLDisplay, EGL14.EGL_NO_SURFACE, EGL14.EGL_NO_SURFACE,
                        EGL14.EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
                EGL14.eglDestroySurface(mEGLDisplay, mEGLSurface);
                EGL14.eglDestroyContext(mEGLDisplay, mEGLContext);
                EGL14.eglReleaseThread();
                EGL14.eglTerminate(mEGLDisplay);
            }

            mSurface.release();

            mEGLDisplay = EGL14.EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
            mEGLContext = EGL14.EGL_NO_CONTEXT;
            mEGLSurface = EGL14.EGL_NO_SURFACE;

            mSurface = null;
        }

        /**
         * Makes our EGL context and surface current.
         */
        public void makeCurrent() {
            EGL14.eglMakeCurrent(mEGLDisplay, mEGLSurface, mEGLSurface, mEGLContext);
            checkEglError("eglMakeCurrent");
        }

        /**
         * Calls eglSwapBuffers.  Use this to "publish" the current frame.
         */
        public boolean swapBuffers() {
            boolean result = EGL14.eglSwapBuffers(mEGLDisplay, mEGLSurface);
            checkEglError("eglSwapBuffers");
            return result;
        }

        /**
         * Sends the presentation time stamp to EGL.  Time is expressed in nanoseconds.
         */
        public void setPresentationTime(long nsecs) {
            EGLExt.eglPresentationTimeANDROID(mEGLDisplay, mEGLSurface, nsecs);
            checkEglError("eglPresentationTimeANDROID");
        }

        /**
         * Checks for EGL errors.  Throws an exception if one is found.
         */
        private void checkEglError(String msg) {
            int error;
            if ((error = EGL14.eglGetError()) != EGL14.EGL_SUCCESS) {
                throw new RuntimeException(msg + ": EGL error: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(error));
            }
        }
    }
}

但是，从此代码生成的文件不能与VLC或ffplay一起播放.谁能告诉我我在做什么错?我相信这是由于播放原始h264所需的标题格式错误(或完全缺少)，因为我已经成功播放了使用ffplay从互联网下载的.264文件.另外，我不确定我将如何将该视频流式传输到计算机，因此，如果有人可以给我一些建议，我将不胜感激！谢谢！

However, the file produced from this code does not play with VLC or ffplay. Can anyone tell me what I'm doing wrong? I believe it is due to an incorrect format (or total lack) of headers required for the playing of raw h264, as I have had success playing .264 files downloaded from the internet with ffplay. Also, I'm not sure exactly how I'm going to stream this video to a computer, so if somebody could give me some suggestions as to how I might do that, I would be very grateful! Thanks!