关于Spring配置文件xml文档的schema约束

一:配置文件示例

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"        
    xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"     
    xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"  
    xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"  
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"  
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"              
    xsi:schemaLocation="                                               
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans    
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd    
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context     
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd    
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc    
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd  
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx   
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd  
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop  
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd "  
    default-autowire="byName">  
</beans>  

上面是我们最常用的applicationContext.xml的配置文件的最开始部分,很多时候我们只是知道这些必须添加,但为什么,添加哪些都不甚清楚。我们知道spring在启动的时候会验证 xml文档,这些引入的schema即用来验证配置文件的xml文档语法的正确性。下面先来看看如何验证xml文档验证的相关知识。

二:xml的schema约束

先来说说xml文档的schema约束,它定义了xml文档的结构,内容和语法,包括元素和属性、关系的结构以及数据类型等等。有以下几点需要遵循:

1)所有的标签和属性都需要Schema来定义。(schema本身由w3c来定义)。

2)所有的schema文件都需要一个ID,这里我们称之为 namespace,其值时一个url,通常是这个xml的xsd文件的地址。

3)namespace值由 targetNamespace属性来指定

4)引入一个schema约束,使用属性xmlns,属性值即为对应schema文件的命名空间 nameSpace。

5)如果引入的schema非w3c组织定义的,必须指定schema文件的位置,schema文件的位置由 schemaLocation来指定。

6)引入多个schema文件需要使用 别名。别名形式如下: xmlns:alias。

三:对于上述配置文件的详细解读

1)声明默认的名称空间(xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans")

2)声明XML Schema实例名称空间(http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance),并将xsi前缀与该名称空间绑定,这样模式处理器就可以识别xsi:schemaLocation属性。XML Schema实例名称空间的前缀通常使用xsi

3)使用xsi:schemaLocation属性指定名称空间(http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans)和模式位置(http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd)相关。XML Schema推荐标准中指出,xsi:schemaLocation属性可以在实例中的任何元素上使用,而不一定是根元素,不过,xsi:schemaLocation属性必须出现在它要验证的任何元素和属性之前。

4)使用别名引入多个schema文件。如上述 xmlns:mvc 、xmlns:tx 、xmlns:context等等。

四:使用带版本号的xsd文件有何弊端?

首先来看看Spring是如何验证xml文档的。Spring默认在启动时是要加载XSD文件来验证xml文件的,所以如果有的时候断网了,或者一些开源软件切换域名,那么就很容易碰到应用启动不了,为了防止这种情况,Spring提供了一种机制,默认从本地加载XSD文件。打开spring-context-4.1.2.RELEASE.jar,可以看到里面有两个特别的文件:

关于Spring配置文件xml文档的schema约束

spring.handlers如下:

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context=org.springframework.context.config.ContextNamespaceHandler  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee=org.springframework.ejb.config.JeeNamespaceHandler  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang=org.springframework.scripting.config.LangNamespaceHandler  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task=org.springframework.scheduling.config.TaskNamespaceHandler  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache=org.springframework.cache.config.CacheNamespaceHandler  

spring.schemas如下:

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-2.5.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-2.5.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-3.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-3.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-3.2.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd=org/springframework/context/config/spring-context-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-2.0.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-2.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-2.5.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-2.5.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-3.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-3.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-3.2.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-4.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee.xsd=org/springframework/ejb/config/spring-jee-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-2.0.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-2.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-2.5.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-2.5.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-3.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-3.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-3.2.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-4.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd=org/springframework/scripting/config/spring-lang-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.0.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-3.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-3.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-3.2.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-4.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task.xsd=org/springframework/scheduling/config/spring-task-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-3.1.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-3.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-3.2.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-3.2.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-4.0.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-4.0.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache-4.1.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-4.1.xsd  
http://www.springframework.org/schema/cache/spring-cache.xsd=org/springframework/cache/config/spring-cache-4.1.xsd

再打开jar包里的org/springframework/context/config/ 目录,可以看到下面有

关于Spring配置文件xml文档的schema约束

很明显,可以想到Spring是把XSD文件放到本地了,再在spring.schemas里做了一个映射,优先从本地里加载XSD文件。并且Spring很贴心,把旧版本的XSD文件也全放了。这样可以防止升级了Spring版本,而配置文件里用的还是旧版本的XSD文件,然后断网了,应用启动不了。
从上述xml文档中可以看出,当没有配置版本号时,使用的即当前版本的xml schema文档。
 
为什么不要在Spring的配置里,配置上XSD的版本号?
因为如果没有配置版本号,取的就是当前jar里的XSD文件,减少了各种风险。
而且这样约定大于配置的方式很优雅。
 
转载:http://blog.csdn.net/quanzhongzhao/article/details/49744915